republic · China, Tibet and Mongolia

Mongolian People's Republic

1924 CE – 1992 CE · capital Ulaanbaatar

The world's second communist state, a Soviet ally for nearly seventy years, which made Mongolia a modern state with recognised independence.

Origins

The Mongolian People's Party took power with Red Army help in 1921 under the limited monarchy of the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia. When the Bogd Khan died in 1924, the party abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Mongolian People's Republic, renaming the capital Ulaanbaatar ('Red Hero').

Rule and society

The country followed the Soviet model closely. Forced collectivisation provoked a revolt in 1932, and under Khorloogiin Choibalsan the purges of 1937 to 1939 killed many thousands of lamas, nobles and officials and destroyed most monasteries. Soviet and Mongolian forces defeated Japan at Khalkhin Gol in 1939. The Cyrillic alphabet was adopted in the 1940s, and under Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal from 1952 Mongolia industrialised and joined the United Nations in 1961.

Decline and legacy

Inspired by reform in the Soviet Union, peaceful protests in the winter of 1989 to 1990 led to multi-party elections in 1990, and the 1992 constitution created the democratic state of Mongolia, ending the people's republic. Soviet troops had left by 1992.

Lineage

Bogd Khanate of Mongolia 1911 CE – 1924 CEMongolian People's RepublicMongolia 1992 CE – present

More states of China, Tibet and Mongolia →

Cite this page
APA
The Epoch Institute. (2026). Mongolian People's Republic. In The Epoch Institute States Register. https://the-epoch-institute.org/state/mongolian-peoples-republic
MLA
“Mongolian People's Republic.” The Epoch Institute States Register, The Epoch Institute, 2026, https://the-epoch-institute.org/state/mongolian-peoples-republic. Accessed .
Chicago
The Epoch Institute. “Mongolian People's Republic.” The Epoch Institute States Register. 2026. https://the-epoch-institute.org/state/mongolian-peoples-republic.
Harvard
The Epoch Institute (2026) ‘Mongolian People's Republic’, The Epoch Institute States Register. Available at: https://the-epoch-institute.org/state/mongolian-peoples-republic (Accessed: ).

Last reviewed October 2026Random state ↻