Work / monument · text
Ruhnama
The Ruhnama, or 'Book of the Soul', is a book of spiritual and moral guidance, Turkmen history and personal reflection published under the name of Turkmenistan's president Saparmurat Niyazov, with a first volume in 2001 and a second in 2004. It became a pillar of his personality cult: it was compulsory reading in schools, universities and workplaces and was even required for driving tests. Its role was reduced after his death in 2006.
Mentioned in 1 state history
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Cite this entry
- APA
- The Epoch Institute. (2026). Ruhnama. In The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/ruhnama
- MLA
- “Ruhnama.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia, The Epoch Institute, 2026, https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/ruhnama. Accessed .
- Chicago
- The Epoch Institute. “Ruhnama.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. 2026. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/ruhnama.
- Harvard
- The Epoch Institute (2026) ‘Ruhnama’, The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. Available at: https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/ruhnama (Accessed: ).
Last reviewed October 2026Random entry ↻