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October Diploma
The October Diploma was a constitutional decree issued by Emperor Franz Joseph I on 20 October 1860, after defeat in Italy had discredited neo-absolutism. It restored the provincial diets and created an imperial council with a federalist, aristocratic bent, but it satisfied neither Hungarians nor German liberals and was replaced by the centralist February Patent of 1861.
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- APA
- The Epoch Institute. (2026). October Diploma. In The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/october-diploma
- MLA
- “October Diploma.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia, The Epoch Institute, 2026, https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/october-diploma. Accessed .
- Chicago
- The Epoch Institute. “October Diploma.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. 2026. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/october-diploma.
- Harvard
- The Epoch Institute (2026) ‘October Diploma’, The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. Available at: https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/october-diploma (Accessed: ).
Last reviewed October 2026Random entry ↻