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Upanishads
The Upanishads are philosophical texts in Sanskrit that form the latest layer of the Vedas, the oldest of them composed from around 700 BCE in northern India. Through dialogues between teachers and pupils they explore the identity of the self, atman, with the ultimate reality, brahman, and develop ideas of rebirth and liberation. They became the foundation of Vedanta and of much later Hindu thought.
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- APA
- The Epoch Institute. (2026). Upanishads. In The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/upanishads
- MLA
- “Upanishads.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia, The Epoch Institute, 2026, https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/upanishads. Accessed .
- Chicago
- The Epoch Institute. “Upanishads.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. 2026. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/upanishads.
- Harvard
- The Epoch Institute (2026) ‘Upanishads’, The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. Available at: https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/upanishads (Accessed: ).
Last reviewed October 2026Random entry ↻