People / group
Civic Crusade
The Civic Crusade (Cruzada Civilista Nacional) was a Panamanian opposition movement formed in June 1987 by business, professional and church groups against the military regime of Manuel Noriega. It arose after the former chief of staff Roberto Díaz Herrera accused Noriega of rigging the 1984 election and ordering the murder of Hugo Spadafora. Its mass protests and general strikes were met with repression and continued until the American invasion of 1989.
Cite this entry
- APA
- The Epoch Institute. (2026). Civic Crusade. In The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/civic-crusade
- MLA
- “Civic Crusade.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia, The Epoch Institute, 2026, https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/civic-crusade. Accessed .
- Chicago
- The Epoch Institute. “Civic Crusade.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. 2026. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/civic-crusade.
- Harvard
- The Epoch Institute (2026) ‘Civic Crusade’, The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. Available at: https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/civic-crusade (Accessed: ).
Last reviewed October 2026Random entry ↻