Encyclopedia: C
2,001 entries under C · page 13 of 21: Cimbrian War – Cleomenes I
Cimbrian WarWar · 113–101 BCEThe Cimbrian War was fought from 113 to 101 BCE between the Roman Republic and the migrating Cimbri and Teutones.
CimmeriansPeople / groupThe Cimmerians were a nomadic people from the steppe north of the Black Sea who invaded Anatolia in the eighth and seventh centuries BCE; Assyrian records call them…
CimonPersonCimon was an Athenian statesman and general, son of Miltiades, who led the Delian League in the decades after the Persian Wars.- CincaPlaceThe Cinca is a river of Aragon in north-eastern Spain that rises in the central Pyrenees near Monte Perdido and flows south to join the Segre shortly before that river…
- CincinnatusPersonLucius Quinctius Cincinnatus was a Roman statesman of the 5th century BCE.
- Cinco VillasPlaceCinco Villas is a comarca in the north-west of the province of Zaragoza in Aragon, Spain, named after five towns raised to the rank of villa by Philip V in the early…
Çineköy inscriptionWork / monumentThe Çineköy inscription is a bilingual text in Luwian hieroglyphs and Phoenician carved on the base of a statue of the storm god found in 1997 at Çineköy, south of…- Cingetorix (Cantium)PersonCingetorix was one of four kings who ruled Cantium, modern Kent, when Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 54 BCE.
- Cingetorix (Treveri)PersonCingetorix was a noble of the Treveri, a Gallic people of the Moselle valley, in the 50s BCE.
- Ciniod IPersonCiniod, son of Uuredech, was king of the Picts from 763 until his death in 775.
- CinnamonTermCinnamon is a spice made from the inner bark of trees of the genus Cinnamomum, the finest coming from Sri Lanka.
- CinypsPlaceThe Cinyps was a river of ancient Libya, now the Wadi Caam (Wadi Ka'am), which reaches the Mediterranean east of Leptis Magna.
Cipollino marbleTermCipollino is a green-and-white banded marble quarried in antiquity near Karystos in southern Euboea, Greece.
Cippus PerusinusWork / monumentThe Cippus Perusinus is a stone boundary marker inscribed with about 130 words of Etruscan, found near Perugia in 1822.
Cipriano CastroPersonCipriano Castro was a Venezuelan military leader from the Andean state of Táchira who seized power in 1899 and ruled as president until 1908.
CircassiansPeople / groupThe Circassians, who call themselves Adyghe, are a people of the North-West Caucasus speaking Northwest Caucasian languages.
CircePersonCirce is an enchantress of Greek mythology, a daughter of the sun god Helios, who lived on the island of Aeaea.
CircipaniansPeople / groupThe Circipanians (Circipani) were a West Slavic tribe of the Lutician federation, living between the Recknitz and the Peene in modern Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
CirebonPlaceCirebon is a port city on the north coast of Java, Indonesia, on the border between Javanese and Sundanese lands.
CirencesterPlaceCirencester is a market town in Gloucestershire, England, in the southern Cotswolds.
Ciro MenottiPersonCiro Menotti (1798–1831) was an Italian patriot from Carpi in the Duchy of Modena.
CirtaPlaceCirta was the capital of the Numidian kingdom, on a rocky plateau above the Rhumel gorge in north-eastern Algeria.
Cis-Sutlej statesTermThe Cis-Sutlej states were the Sikh and other states of the Malwa region of Punjab between the Sutlej and Yamuna rivers, among them Patiala, Nabha and Jind.
Cisalpine GaulPlaceCisalpine Gaul, 'Gaul this side of the Alps', was the Roman name for northern Italy between the Alps and the Apennines, settled by Celtic peoples such as the Insubres…
CiskeiStateCiskei was a Bantustan, or homeland, created by the apartheid government for Xhosa-speaking people in what is now the Eastern Cape of South Africa.
CisleithaniaPlaceCisleithania was the unofficial name of the Austrian half of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after the Compromise of 1867, named after the Leitha River that formed part of…
Cisplatine WarWarThe Cisplatine War was fought from 1825 to 1828 between the Brazilian Empire and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata over the Cisplatine Province, present-day…
CisterciansPeople / groupThe Cistercians are a Catholic monastic order founded at Cîteaux in Burgundy in 1098 to follow the Rule of Saint Benedict more strictly.
Citadel of the Ho DynastyWork / monumentThe Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, or Tây Đô, is a stone citadel in Thanh Hóa province, Vietnam, built in 1397 by Hồ Quý Ly as a new capital.
Citadelle LaferrièreWork / monumentThe Citadelle Laferrière is a mountaintop fortress near Milot in northern Haiti, built between about 1805 and 1820 by many thousands of workers on the orders of Henri…
Citânia de BriteirosPlaceCitânia de Briteiros is an Iron Age hillfort near Guimarães in northern Portugal, one of the largest settlements of the castro culture of the Callaeci.
Citarum RiverPlaceThe Citarum River is the longest river in West Java, Indonesia, flowing from the highlands south of Bandung to the Java Sea east of Jakarta.
Cîteaux AbbeyPlaceCîteaux Abbey, south of Dijon in Burgundy, was founded in 1098 by Robert of Molesme and a group of monks seeking a stricter observance of the Rule of Saint Benedict.
Ciudad BolívarPlaceCiudad Bolívar is the capital of Bolívar state in south-eastern Venezuela, on the south bank of the Orinoco at its narrowest point.
Ciudad PerdidaPlaceCiudad Perdida ('Lost City'), known to the Indigenous peoples as Teyuna, is an archaeological site in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, northern Colombia.
Ciudad RealPlaceCiudad Real is a city in Castile-La Mancha, central Spain, and the capital of the province of the same name.
Ciudad ViejaPlaceCiudad Vieja is a town in the Almolonga valley of Guatemala, the site of the second Spanish capital, Santiago de los Caballeros, founded there in 1527.- Ciudadela (Teotihuacan)PlaceThe Ciudadela is a vast square enclosure at Teotihuacan, on the east side of the Avenue of the Dead, surrounded by platforms topped with temples and enclosing a great…
- CiusPlaceCius (Kios) was an ancient Greek city on the Gulf of Cius in the Sea of Marmara, at the site of modern Gemlik in Turkey.
Ciutadella de MenorcaPlaceCiutadella de Menorca is a town on the western tip of Menorca in the Balearic Islands, Spain.
Ciutadella de RosesPlaceThe Ciutadella de Roses is a fortified enclosure in Roses, Catalonia, built by the Spanish crown in the 16th century.- Civic CrusadePeople / groupThe Civic Crusade (Cruzada Civilista Nacional) was a Panamanian opposition movement formed in June 1987 by business, professional and church groups against the military…
Civic ForumPeople / groupCivic Forum was the movement founded in Prague on 19 November 1989 by Václav Havel and other dissidents to lead the Velvet Revolution in the Czech lands, alongside…- Civic United FrontPeople / groupThe Civic United Front is a Tanzanian political party founded in 1992, strongest in Zanzibar and above all on Pemba.
Cividale del FriuliPlaceCividale del Friuli is a town in north-eastern Italy founded by Julius Caesar as Forum Iulii, from which the region of Friuli takes its name.- Civil disobedienceReligion / ideaCivil disobedience is the deliberate, non-violent refusal to obey certain laws or government demands as a form of political protest.
- Civil lawReligion / ideaCivil law is a legal tradition based on comprehensive written codes, derived ultimately from Roman law.
- Civil Rights Act of 1964Work / monumentThe Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark law of the United States, signed by President Lyndon B.
- Civil warHistorical factorCivil war, armed conflict between rival factions within a single state, is a recurring cause of imperial decline.
Civil war era in NorwayWar · 1130–1240The civil war era in Norway was a period of intermittent wars between rival claimants to the Norwegian throne from 1130 to 1240.- Civil wars between the conquistadors in PeruWar · 1537–1554The civil wars between the conquistadors in Peru were fought from 1537 to 1554 among the Spanish conquerors of the Inca Empire and against royal authority.
- Civilista PartyPeople / groupThe Civilista Party was a Peruvian political party founded in 1871 by Manuel Pardo, the country's first organised civilian party, representing merchants, financiers and…
Civita CastellanaPlaceCivita Castellana is a town in the province of Viterbo in northern Lazio, Italy, built on a tufa plateau above deep ravines.
CizrePlaceCizre, known in Arabic as Jazirat ibn Umar, is a town on the Tigris in south-eastern Turkey, near the borders of Syria and Iraq.- Clades LollianaBattle · 16 BCEThe clades Lolliana was a Roman defeat in 16 BCE, when the Sugambri, Usipetes and Tencteri crossed the Rhine and routed the legate Marcus Lollius, capturing the eagle…
Clan DonaldPeople / groupClan Donald is a Scottish Highland clan descended from Domhnall, grandson of Somerled, King of the Isles.
Clan DouglasPeople / groupClan Douglas was a Scottish noble family whose fortune was made by Sir James Douglas, the companion of Robert the Bruce.
Clan MacDougallPeople / groupClan MacDougall is a Scottish Highland clan descended from Dubhghall, eldest son of Somerled, King of the Isles.
Clan SinclairPeople / groupClan Sinclair is a Scottish clan of Norman origin based in Caithness and Orkney.
Clandeboye O'NeillsPeople / groupThe Clandeboye O'Neills, in Irish Clann Aodha Buidhe, were a branch of the O'Neill dynasty of Tyrone that crossed the River Bann in the 14th century.
Clann RuaidhríPeople / groupClann Ruaidhrí was a medieval kindred of the Hebrides and western Highlands descended from Ruaidhrí, grandson of Somerled.
ClarosPlaceClaros was an ancient sanctuary and oracle of Apollo in Ionia, on the west coast of Asia Minor, in the territory of Colophon near modern Ahmetbeyli in Turkey.- Classic Maya collapseEventThe Classic Maya collapse was the decline and abandonment of the lowland Maya kingdoms of Guatemala, Belize and southern Mexico between the 8th and 10th centuries.
Classic of PoetryWork / monumentThe Classic of Poetry, or Shijing, is the oldest Chinese collection of poems, with 305 songs dating from the Western Zhou to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period.
Classical GreeceTermClassical Greece is the period of ancient Greek history from the Persian Wars of the early fifth century BCE to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE.- Classis AlexandrinaPeople / groupThe Classis Alexandrina was the Roman fleet based at Alexandria, created under Augustus after the annexation of Egypt in 30 BCE.
- Claude Auguste CourtPersonClaude-Auguste Court was a French soldier who served Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire in the 1820s and 1830s.
Claude d'AbbevillePersonClaude d'Abbeville was a French Capuchin friar who joined the expedition that founded the colony of Equinoctial France on the island of Maranhão in Brazil in 1612.
Claude LorrainPersonClaude Lorrain, born Claude Gellée at Chamagne in the Duchy of Lorraine, was a landscape painter who spent nearly all his career in Rome.
Claude Maxwell MacDonaldPersonSir Claude MacDonald was a British soldier and diplomat who became commissioner and consul-general of the Oil Rivers Protectorate in 1891, setting up an administration…
Claude of FrancePersonClaude of France was the eldest daughter of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany, and from 1514 duchess of Brittany.- Claude SchaefferPersonClaude Schaeffer was a French archaeologist who directed the excavations of Ugarit at Ras Shamra in Syria from 1929 until 1970.
Claudia gensPeople / groupThe Claudia gens was one of the great patrician families of ancient Rome, said to descend from the Sabine Attus Clausus, who settled in Rome around 504 BCE.
Claudia SheinbaumPersonClaudia Sheinbaum is a Mexican scientist and politician who became the first woman president of Mexico on 1 October 2024.
Claudio MonteverdiPersonClaudio Monteverdi was an Italian composer whose work bridged Renaissance and Baroque music.
ClaudiusPersonClaudius was Roman emperor from 41 to 54 CE, proclaimed by the Praetorian Guard after the murder of his nephew Caligula.
Claudius Florimund MercyPersonClaudius Florimund Mercy was a Lorraine-born Habsburg field marshal who served as the first governor of the Banat of Temeswar from 1716 until 1734.
Claudius GothicusPersonClaudius Gothicus, or Claudius II, was Roman emperor from 268 to 270, one of the soldier emperors of the third-century crisis.
Claudius PtolemyPersonClaudius Ptolemy was a Greek mathematician, astronomer and geographer who worked in Alexandria in the second century CE.- Claudius SilvanusPersonClaudius Silvanus (died 355) was a Roman general of Frankish descent, commander of the infantry in Gaul under Constantius II.
Claus SluterPersonClaus Sluter was a Dutch sculptor from Haarlem who worked in Dijon from 1385 for Duke Philip the Bold of Burgundy.
Claus von StauffenbergPersonClaus von Stauffenberg was a German army officer who led the 20 July plot of 1944 against Hitler.
Clausthal-ZellerfeldPlaceClausthal-Zellerfeld is a town in the Upper Harz of Lower Saxony, Germany, formed in 1924 from the mining towns of Clausthal and Zellerfeld.
Clayton–Bulwer TreatyTreaty · 1850The Clayton–Bulwer Treaty was signed in 1850 by the United States and Britain, represented by John M.
Clear scriptTermThe Clear script (todo bichig) is an alphabet created in 1648 by the Oirat monk Zaya Pandita, adapted from the traditional Mongolian script to write the Oirat language…- Clearchus of HeracleaPersonClearchus was tyrant of Heraclea Pontica on the Black Sea coast of Anatolia from 364 BCE until his assassination in 352 BCE.
- CleisoboraPlaceCleisobora was a city of the Surasena people of northern India mentioned by Greek and Roman writers drawing on the envoy Megasthenes, who visited India around 300 BCE.
- CleisthenesPersonCleisthenes was an Athenian statesman of the Alcmaeonid family, regarded as the founder of Athenian democracy.
- Cleisthenes of SicyonPersonCleisthenes was tyrant of Sicyon in the northern Peloponnese in the early sixth century BCE, of the Orthagorid family.
- Cleitus of IllyriaPersonCleitus was an Illyrian king of the 4th century BCE, son of Bardylis, whose realm lay on the north-western borders of Macedon.
Clemens August of BavariaPersonClemens August of Bavaria was a Wittelsbach prince who gathered church offices on a grand scale, becoming Archbishop-Elector of Cologne from 1723, Prince-Bishop of…
Clemens Wenceslaus of SaxonyPersonClemens Wenceslaus of Saxony was a son of the Elector of Saxony who became Prince-Bishop of Augsburg in 1768 and in the same year the last Archbishop-Elector of Trier.
Clement AttleePersonClement Attlee was a British Labour politician and prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951.
Clement of AlexandriaPersonClement of Alexandria was a Christian theologian who taught in Alexandria in the late second century.
Clement of OhridPersonClement of Ohrid (c. 840–916) was a Slavonic scholar and bishop, one of the disciples of Cyril and Methodius expelled from Moravia in 885–886.- Clements KadaliePersonClements Kadalie was a trade unionist from Nyasaland, now Malawi, who founded the Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union in Cape Town in 1919.
CleobulusPersonCleobulus was a tyrant of Lindos on Rhodes in the 6th century BCE, counted among the Seven Sages of Greece.- Cleombrotus IPersonCleombrotus I was an Agiad king of Sparta from 380 to 371 BCE.
Cleomenean WarWar · 229–222 BCEThe Cleomenean War was fought from 229 to 222 BCE between Sparta under King Cleomenes III and the Achaean League.- Cleomenes IPersonCleomenes I was an Agiad king of Sparta who reigned from about 520 to 490 BCE.