Glossary · Term

Mixed-member proportional representation

Also known as MMP

Mixed-member proportional representation, or MMP, is an electoral system in which voters elect constituency members and also vote for parties, with list seats allocated so that each party's share of parliament matches its share of the party vote. Developed in post-war West Germany, it was adopted by New Zealand after referendums in 1992 and 1993 and first used in 1996, producing coalition or minority governments.

Mixed-member proportional representation
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Cite this entry
APA
The Epoch Institute. (2026). Mixed-member proportional representation. In The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/mixed-member-proportional-representation
MLA
“Mixed-member proportional representation.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia, The Epoch Institute, 2026, https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/mixed-member-proportional-representation. Accessed .
Chicago
The Epoch Institute. “Mixed-member proportional representation.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. 2026. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/mixed-member-proportional-representation.
Harvard
The Epoch Institute (2026) ‘Mixed-member proportional representation’, The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. Available at: https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/mixed-member-proportional-representation (Accessed: ).

Last reviewed October 2026Random entry ↻