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Fundamental Pact
The Fundamental Pact, in Arabic Ahd al-Aman, was a declaration of rights proclaimed by Muhammad II Bey of Tunis on 10 September 1857 under French and British pressure. It guaranteed security of person and property, equality before the law and taxation for all subjects, including Jews, and rights for foreigners. It prepared the way for the Tunisian constitution of 1861, the first in the Arab world.
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- APA
- The Epoch Institute. (2026). Fundamental Pact. In The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/fundamental-pact
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- “Fundamental Pact.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia, The Epoch Institute, 2026, https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/fundamental-pact. Accessed .
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- The Epoch Institute. “Fundamental Pact.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. 2026. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/fundamental-pact.
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- The Epoch Institute (2026) ‘Fundamental Pact’, The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. Available at: https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/fundamental-pact (Accessed: ).
Last reviewed October 2026Random entry ↻