khanate · China, Tibet and Mongolia

Kumul Khanate

1696 CE – 1930 CE · capital Hami

A semi-autonomous Uyghur principality at Hami, loyal to the Qing for over two centuries, whose abolition in 1930 set off a major revolt in Xinjiang.

Origins

The Muslim ruling family of the Hami oasis, threatened by the Dzungar Khanate, submitted to the Kangxi Emperor in 1696 and helped Qing armies against the Dzungars. Its leader Abd Allah Beg was rewarded with a hereditary rank, and his descendants became princes (wang) of Hami under the Qing Empire.

Rule and society

The khans governed the Turkic Muslim inhabitants of the oasis through their own begs, collected taxes in kind and corvée from their subjects, and supplied the Qing with troops and provisions. They kept their position through the Qing conquest of Xinjiang in 1759 and the turmoil of Yettishar, and were regarded as one of the most loyal frontier houses.

Decline and legacy

After the death of the last khan, Maqsud Shah, in 1930, the Xinjiang governor Jin Shuren abolished the khanate and imposed direct rule and new taxes. The resulting Kumul rebellion of 1931 drew in the Hui warlord Ma Zhongying and helped spark the First East Turkestan Republic.

Connections (1)

  • Kumul Khanate was a vassal of Qing Empire1697 CE – 1912 CE

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Cite this page
APA
The Epoch Institute. (2026). Kumul Khanate. In The Epoch Institute States Register. https://the-epoch-institute.org/state/kumul-khanate
MLA
“Kumul Khanate.” The Epoch Institute States Register, The Epoch Institute, 2026, https://the-epoch-institute.org/state/kumul-khanate. Accessed .
Chicago
The Epoch Institute. “Kumul Khanate.” The Epoch Institute States Register. 2026. https://the-epoch-institute.org/state/kumul-khanate.
Harvard
The Epoch Institute (2026) ‘Kumul Khanate’, The Epoch Institute States Register. Available at: https://the-epoch-institute.org/state/kumul-khanate (Accessed: ).

Last reviewed October 2026Random state ↻