Person
Ala ad-Din Muhammad II
Ala ad-Din Muhammad II was the shah of the Khwarazmian Empire from 1200 to 1220. He expanded his realm across Iran and Central Asia, making it one of the largest states in the Islamic world. His provocation of Genghis Khan, including the killing of Mongol envoys and merchants, brought a devastating Mongol invasion, and he died in flight in 1220 or soon afterwards.
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- APA
- The Epoch Institute. (2026). Ala ad-Din Muhammad II. In The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/ala-ad-din-muhammad-ii
- MLA
- “Ala ad-Din Muhammad II.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia, The Epoch Institute, 2026, https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/ala-ad-din-muhammad-ii. Accessed .
- Chicago
- The Epoch Institute. “Ala ad-Din Muhammad II.” The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. 2026. https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/ala-ad-din-muhammad-ii.
- Harvard
- The Epoch Institute (2026) ‘Ala ad-Din Muhammad II’, The Epoch Institute Encyclopedia. Available at: https://the-epoch-institute.org/encyclopedia/ala-ad-din-muhammad-ii (Accessed: ).
Last reviewed October 2026Random entry ↻