Anthem · 1823 · Europe
Hymn to Liberty
Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν / Ýmnos eis tin Eleftherían
A long poem of 1823 about the Greeks' fight for freedom; its first two verses are the anthem of Greece and of Cyprus.
- Words
- Dionysios Solomos
- Music
- Nikolaos Mantzaros
- Culture
- Greeks; later also Greek Cypriots
- Language
- Greek
- Place
- Zakynthos, Greece
- Date
- poem 1823; music 1828
- Type
- Anthem
- The words
- Public domain (words by Dionysios Solomos (1823); music by Nikolaos Mantzaros (1828))
The story
Dionysios Solomos wrote the "Hymn to Liberty", also called the "Hymn to Freedom", on Zakynthos in 1823, inspired by the Greek War of Independence, to honour the Greeks' struggle for independence after centuries of Ottoman rule. The poem runs to 158 stanzas. It was printed in Messolonghi the following year, and in October 1824 the Philhellenic Committee published it in London, while an Italian translation appeared at about the same time in the Messolonghi newspaper Ellinika Chronika.
In 1828 the Corfiot operatic composer Nikolaos Mantzaros set it to music as a choral work in 24 parts and dedicated it to Otto, the first King of Greece. Otto awarded him the Silver Cross of the Order of the Redeemer, but during Otto's reign (1832–1862) the anthem in use was one based on "God Save the King", with words glorifying the king.
After Otto was ousted in 1862, the "Hymn to Liberty" was adopted in 1864 as the national and royal anthem of Greece, its first two stanzas forming the anthem. It was the royal anthem from 1864 to 1924 and again from 1935 to 1973, ending each time with the abolition of the monarchy. An adapted version served as the anthem of the short-lived Cretan State.
In Cyprus, an anthem written for the Republic by the Cypriot composer Solon Michaelides and shared with the Turkish Cypriots was abandoned in 1963 during intercommunal conflicts, and in 1966 the Council of Ministers adopted the "Hymn to Liberty" as the national anthem of Cyprus. The anthem is performed at every closing ceremony of the Olympic Games in honour of Greece as the birthplace of the Games, usually without words; it was sung at Sydney, Athens and Vancouver. Military bands play an arrangement by Lieutenant Colonel Margaritis Kastellis (1907–1979), a former director of the Greek Music Corps.
What it says
The poem tells of the Greeks' suffering under Ottoman rule and their hope of freedom, and follows events of the War of Independence: the execution of Patriarch Gregory V, the response of the Great Powers, at length the Siege of Tripolitsa, and the Christian character of the struggle. The mood is exalted and martial.
The words
Σὲ γνωρίζω ἀπὸ τὴν κόψιSe gnorízo apó tin kópsiI know you by the edge
τοῦ σπαθιοῦ τὴν τρομερή,tou spathioú tin tromerí,of the sword, the fearsome one,
σὲ γνωρίζω ἀπὸ τὴν ὄψιse gnorízo apó tin ópsiI know you by the look
ποὺ μὲ βία μετράει τὴν γῆ.pou me vía metráei tin gi.that measures the earth with force.
Ἀπ’ τὰ κόκαλα βγαλμένηAp' ta kókala vgalméniBrought forth from the bones,
τῶν Ἑλλήνων τὰ ἱερά,ton Ellínon ta ierá,the sacred ones, of the Greeks,
καὶ σὰν πρῶτα ἀνδρειωμένη,kai san próta andreioméni,and valiant as at first,
χαῖρε, ὦ χαῖρε, Ἐλευθεριά!chaíre, o chaíre, Eleftheriá!hail, O hail, Liberty!
Ἐκεῖ μέσα ἐκατοικοῦσεςEkeí mésa ekatoikoúsesIn there you dwelt,
πικραμένη, ἐντροπαλή,pikraméni, entropalí,embittered, shamefaced,
κι ἕνα στόμα ἀκαρτεροῦσες,ki éna stóma akarteroúses,and you waited for a mouth
«ἔλα πάλι», νά σοῦ πῇ.«éla páli», na sou pi.to say to you, «come again».
Ἄργειε νά'λθῃ ἐκείνη ἡ μέρα,Árgeie ná'lthi ekeíni i méra,That day was slow to come,
κι ἦταν ὅλα σιωπηλά,ki ítan óla siopilá,and all was silent,
γιατὶ τὰ ’σκιαζε ἡ φοβέραgiatí ta 'skiaze i fovérabecause threat cowed them
καὶ τὰ πλάκωνε ἡ σκλαβιά.kai ta plákone i sklaviá.and slavery weighed them down.
Show all 96 lines
Δυστυχής! ΠαρηγορίαDystychís! ParigoríaUnhappy one! The only consolation
μόνη σοῦ ἕμενε νὰ λὲςmóni sou émene na lesleft to you was to tell of
περασμένα μεγαλείαperasména megaleíapast glories
καὶ διηγώντας τὰ νὰ κλαῖς.kai diigóntas ta na klais.and, telling of them, to weep.
Καὶ ἀκαρτέρει καὶ ἀκαρτέρειKai akartérei kai akartéreiAnd waited and waited
φιλελεύθερη λαλιά,fileléftheri laliá,for a liberty-loving voice,
ἕνα ἐκτύπαε τ’ ἄλλο χέριéna ektýpae t' állo chérione hand struck the other
ἀπὸ τὴν ἀπελπισιά,apó tin apelpisiá,out of despair,
Κι ἔλεες: «Πότε, ἅ, πότε βγάνωKi élees: «Póte, a, póte vgánoAnd you said: «When, ah, when shall I lift
τὸ κεφάλι ἀπὸ τσ’ ἐρμιές;».to kefáli apó ts' ermiés?»my head out of the desolate places?»
Καὶ ἀποκρίνοντο ἀπὸ πάνωKai apokrínonto apó pánoAnd there answered from above
κλάψες, ἄλυσες, φωνές.klápses, ályses, fonés.laments, chains, cries.
Τότε ἐσήκωνες τὸ βλέμμαTóte esíkones to vlémmaThen you raised your gaze,
μὲς στὰ κλάιματα θολό,mes sta kláimata tholó,clouded in tears,
καὶ εἰς τὸ ροῦχο σου ἔσταζ’ αἷμα,kai eis to roúcho sou éstaz' aíma,and on your garment blood dripped,
πλῆθος αἷμα ἑλληνικό.plíthos aíma ellinikó.a multitude of Greek blood.
Μὲ τὰ ροῦχα αἱματωμέναMe ta roúcha aimatoménaWith your clothes bloodied
ξέρω ὅτι ἔβγαινες κρυφὰxéro óti évgaines kryfáI know that you went out in secret
νὰ γυρεύῃς εἰς τὰ ξέναna gyrévis eis ta xénato seek in foreign lands
ἄλλα χέρια δυνατά.álla chéria dynatá.other, strong hands.
Μοναχὴ τὸ δρόμο ἐπῆρες,Monachí to drómo epíres,Alone you took the road,
ἐξανάλθες μοναχή·exanálthes monachí;alone you came back again;
δὲν εἴν' εὔκολες οἱ θύρεςden eín' éfkoles oi thýresdoors are not easy
ἐὰν ἡ χρεία τὲς κουρταλῇ.eán i chreía tes kourtalí.if need knocks on them.
Ἄλλός σοῦ ἔκλαψε εἰς τὰ στήθια,Állos sou éklapse eis ta stíthia,One wept on your breast,
ἀλλ' ἀνάσασι καμμιά·all' anásasi kammiá;but no relief at all;
ἄλλος σου ἔταξε βοήθειαállos sou étaxe voítheiaanother promised you help
καὶ σὲ γέλασε φρικτά.kai se gélase friktá.and deceived you horribly.
Ἄλλοι, ὀϊμέ, στὴ συμφορά σουÁlloi, oïmé, sti symforá souOthers, alas, at your misfortune
ὀποῦ ἐχαίροντο πολύ,opoú echaíronto polý,who rejoiced greatly,
«σύρε νὰ 'βρῃς τὰ παιδιά σου,«sýre na 'vris ta paidiá sou,«go and find your children,
σύρε», ἔλεγαν οἱ σκληροί.sýre», élegan oi skliroí.go», said the cruel ones.
Φεύγει ὀπίσω τὸ ποδάριFévgei opíso to podáriThe foot flees backward
καὶ ὀλογλήγορο πατεῖkai ologlígoro pateíand very swiftly treads
ἢ τὴν πέτρα ἢ τὸ χορτάριí tin pétra í to chortárieither the stone or the grass
ποὺ τὴ δόξα σοῦ ἐνθυμεῖ.pou ti dóxa sou enthymeí.that reminds you of your glory.
Ταπεινότατή σου γέρνειTapeinótatí sou gérneiMost humbly droops
ἡ τρισάθλια κεφαλή,i trisáthlia kefalí,your thrice-wretched head,
σὰν πτωχοῦ ποὺ θυροδέρνειsan ptochoú pou thyrodérneilike a pauper's who knocks from door to door
κι εἶναι βάρος του ἡ ζωή.ki eínai város tou i zoí.and whose life is a burden to him.
Ναί, ἀλλὰ τώρα ἀντιπαλεύειNaí, allá tóra antipaléveiYes, but now there fights back
κάθε τέκνο σου μὲ ὁρμή,káthe tékno sou me ormí,every child of yours with vigour,
ποὺ ἀκατάπαυστα γυρεύειpou akatápafsta gyréveiwho ceaselessly seeks
ἢ τὴ νίκη ἢ τὴ θανῆ.í ti níki í ti thaní.either victory or death.
Ἀπ' τὰ κόκαλα βγαλμένηAp' ta kókala vgalméniBrought forth from the bones,
τῶν Ἑλλήνων τὰ ἱερά,ton Ellínon ta ierá,the sacred ones, of the Greeks,
καὶ σὰν πρῶτα ἀνδρειωμένη,kai san próta andreioméni,and valiant as at first,
χαῖρε, ὦ χαῖρε, Ἐλευθεριά!chaíre, o chaíre, Eleftheriá!hail, O hail, Liberty!
Μόλις εἶδε τὴν ὁρμή σουMólis eíde tin ormí souAs soon as it saw your onrush,
ὁ οὐρανὸς ποὺ γιὰ τσ' ἐχθροὺςo ouranós pou gia ts' echthroústhe sky, which for the enemies
εἰς τὴ γῆ τὴ μητρική σουeis ti gi ti mitrikí souin your mother earth
ἔτρεφ' ἄνθια καὶ καρπούς,étref' ánthia kai karpoús,nourished flowers and fruits,
ἐγαλήνεψε· καὶ ἐχύθειegalínepse; kai echýtheigrew calm; and there poured forth
καταχθόνια μιὰ βοή,katachthónia mia voí,a roar from beneath the earth,
καὶ τοῦ Ρήγα σοῦ ἀπεκρίθηkai tou Ríga sou apekríthiand of Rigas there answered you
πολεμόκραχτη ἡ φωνή.polemókrachti i foní.the war-shouting voice.
Ὅλοι οἱ τόποι σου σ' ἐκράξανÓloi oi tópoi sou s' ekráxanAll your lands called out to you,
χαιρετώντας σὲ θερμά,chairetóntas se thermá,greeting you warmly,
καὶ τὰ στόματα ἐφωνάξανkai ta stómata efonáxanand the mouths cried out
ὅσα αἰσθάνετο ἡ καρδιά.ósa aistháneto i kardiá.all that the heart felt.
Ἐφωνάξανε ὣς τ' ἀστέριαEfonáxane os t' astériaThey cried out to the stars,
τοῦ Ἰονίου καὶ τὰ νησιά,tou Ioníou kai ta nisiá,the islands of the Ionian too,
κι ἐσηκώσανε τὰ χέριαki esikósane ta chériaand raised their hands
γιὰ νὰ δείξουνε χαρά,gia na deíxoune chará,to show joy,
μ' ὅλον ποὺ 'ναι ἀλυσωμένοm' ólon pou 'nai alysoménoalthough it is chained,
τὸ καθένα τεχνικά,to kathéna techniká,each one, cunningly,
καὶ εἰς τὸ μέτωπο γραμμένοkai eis to métopo gramménoand on its forehead written
ἔχει: «Ψεύτρα Ἐλευθεριά».échei: «Pséftra Eleftheriá».it has: «False Liberty».
Γκαρδιακὰ χαροποιήθειGkardiaká charopoiítheiHeartily rejoiced
καὶ τοῦ Βάσιγκτον ἡ γῆ,kai tou Vásigkton i gi,the land of Washington too,
καὶ τὰ σίδερα ἐνθυμήθειkai ta sídera enthymítheiand remembered the irons
ποὺ τὴν ἔδεναν κι αὐτή.pou tin édenan ki aftí.that bound it also.
Ἀπ' τὸν πύργο τοῦ φωνάζει,Ap' ton pýrgo tou fonázei,From its tower it cries out,
σὰ νὰ λέῃ σὲ χαιρετῶ,sa na léi se chairetó,as if to say, I greet you,
καὶ τὴ χήτη τοῦ τινάζειkai ti chíti tou tinázeiand shakes its mane,
τὸ λιοντάρι τὸ Ἱσπανό.to liontári to Ispanó.the Spanish lion.
Ἐλαφιάσθη τῆς ἈγγλίαςElafiásthi tis AnglíasStartled like a deer was England's
τὸ θηρίο, καὶ σέρνει εὐθὺςto thirío, kai sérnei efthýsbeast, and at once it sends
κατὰ τ' ἄκρα τῆς Ρουσίαςkatá t' ákra tis Rousíastowards the ends of Russia
τὰ μουγκρίσματα τσ' ὀργῆς.ta mougkrísmata ts' orgís.the roars of its wrath.
Original: Dionysios Solomos (1823); the first 24 of its 158 stanzas. Text from Wikisource; public domain.
The romanization is the Institute’s own (ELOT 743).
The English is the Institute’s own translation, made from the original for this page.
Notes on the translation (15)
- Romanization: ELOT 743 transliteration of the spelling as printed (polytonic marks reduced to the stress accent, breathings and iota subscripts dropped; monosyllables unaccented except 'í', 'or'); the Greek question mark ';' and raised point '·' are given as '?' and ';'.
- line 1.1: 'κόψι' is the cutting edge of the sword, or its cut, its stroke.
- line 1.3: 'ὄψι' is the look, face or appearance.
- line 3.1: 'In there': in the bones of the Greeks (stanza 2), where Liberty dwelt while Greece was enslaved.
- line 4.3: 'σκιάζω' (Heptanesian) is 'to frighten, cow'; 'φοβέρα' is threat or intimidation.
- line 6.1: 'ἀκαρτέρει' is read as continuing the second person of stanza 3 ('[you] waited and waited'); grammatically it can also be a third person, with 'a liberty-loving voice' as the one waiting. Unsure.
- line 7.2: 'ἐρμιές' are desolate, lonely places (Heptanesian 'ερημιές'); 'τσ'' is the Heptanesian article 'τις'.
- line 10.4: 'κουρταλῇ' (Heptanesian) = knocks.
- line 13.1: the foot is Liberty's: she turns back and treads swiftly on any stone or grass that reminds her of her former glory.
- line 14.3: 'θυροδέρνει' = goes begging from door to door, literally 'beats on doors'.
- line 15.4: 'θανῆ' (Heptanesian) = death.
- line 18.3: Rigas Feraios (Velestinlis), the revolutionary poet executed in 1798.
- lines 20.1-21.4: the Ionian Islands, then a British protectorate: each is chained 'cunningly' ('τεχνικά', with art) and bears 'False Liberty' on its brow.
- line 23.1: the lion on a tower: the arms of Castile and León; Spain was then in revolution (1820-1823).
- line 24.1: 'Ἐλαφιάσθη' = was startled, shied (from 'ἐλάφι', deer); line 24.2 'σέρνει' = drags, here sends forth.
What it inspired
- Italian translation, Ellinika Chronika (Messolonghi) 1824translation
- Choral setting in 24 parts (Nikolaos Mantzaros) 1828musical setting, dedicated to King Otto
- Cretan Anthemadapted version, anthem of the Cretan State
- Military band arrangement (Margaritis Kastellis)arrangement
People, places and events
Sources
- Wikipedia, "Hymn to Liberty", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty
Cite this page
- APA
- The Epoch Institute. (2026). Hymn to Liberty. In Songs in History. https://the-epoch-institute.org/songs/hymn-to-liberty
- MLA
- “Hymn to Liberty.” Songs in History, The Epoch Institute, 2026, https://the-epoch-institute.org/songs/hymn-to-liberty. Accessed .
- Chicago
- The Epoch Institute. “Hymn to Liberty.” Songs in History. 2026. https://the-epoch-institute.org/songs/hymn-to-liberty.
- Harvard
- The Epoch Institute (2026) ‘Hymn to Liberty’, Songs in History. Available at: https://the-epoch-institute.org/songs/hymn-to-liberty (Accessed: ).