1913

Events

1. 3 February

   Sixteenth Amendment allows a US federal income tax

   Ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment gave Congress power to tax incomes without dividing the tax among states by population. Income tax became the main source of federal revenue.

2. 8 April

   Seventeenth Amendment introduces direct election of US senators

   Connecticut's ratification completed the Seventeenth Amendment, transferring the choice of senators from state legislatures to voters. Secretary of State Bryan certified it at the end of May.

3. 4 June

   Suffragette Emily Davison is struck by the King's horse at Epsom

   During the Derby, Emily Wilding Davison stepped onto the course and was knocked down by Anmer, George V's horse. She died four days later and became a martyr of the suffrage movement.

4. 

   10 October

   Woodrow Wilson triggers the blast that floods the Panama Canal cut

   From the White House, President Wilson sent a telegraph signal that detonated the Gamboa dike. Water flowed into the Culebra Cut, joining the canal's waters ten months before it opened to shipping.

   Austro-Hungarian EmpireWoodrow Wilson

5. 6 November

   Gandhi is arrested leading a march of Indian miners

   In South Africa, Gandhi was arrested at Palmford while leading over 2,000 striking Indian workers across the Transvaal border in defiance of discriminatory laws. The campaign won concessions in 1914.

   South Africa

6. 1 December

   Ford installs a moving assembly line for the whole car

   At Highland Park, Michigan, Ford began building the Model T on a moving assembly line. Assembly time fell from over 12 hours to about 90 minutes, and cheap cars reshaped modern industry.

7. War

   Second Balkan War

   The Second Balkan War was fought from June to August 1913 after Bulgaria, dissatisfied with the division of Ottoman lands won in the First Balkan War, attacked Serbia and Greece.

8. 

   Battle

   Battle of Bud Bagsak

   The Battle of Bud Bagsak was fought in June 1913 on the island of Jolo in the southern Philippines between American troops under General John J.

9. Crisis

   Saverne Affair

   The Saverne Affair, or Zabern Affair, was a political crisis in the German Empire in 1913.

10. Revolt

    Second Revolution

    The Second Revolution was a revolt in the summer of 1913 by Kuomintang leaders and southern provincial governors against Yuan Shikai, president of the Republic of China, after the assassination of Song Jiaoren and Yuan's large foreign loan.

11. Battle

    Battle of Dul Madoba

    The Battle of Dul Madoba was fought on 9 August 1913 in British Somaliland, when Dervish forces of Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ambushed the newly formed Somaliland Camel Constabulary.

In the profiles

• Union of South AfricaThe Natives Land Act restricts African land ownership to reserves

Wars and longer events

• Balkan WarsEnded · 1912–1913
• First Balkan WarEnded · 1912–1913
• London Conference of 1912–1913Ended · 1912–1913
• Moro RebellionEnded · 1899–1913
• Yên Thế InsurrectionEnded · 1884–1913

Born in 1913 17

• Bảo Đại1913–1997
• Richard Nixon1913–1994
• Jacobo Árbenz1913–1971
• Albert Camus1913–1960
• Gustáv Husák1913–1991
• Pierre Werner1913–2002
• William Tolbert1913–1980
• Lon Nol1913–1985
• Makarios III1913–1977
• Yadavindra Singh1913–1974
• Abd al-Ilah1913–1958
• Aimé Césaire1913–2008
• Hamid II of Pontianak1913–1978
• Nicolas Grunitzky1913–1969
• Ruben Um Nyobe1913–1958
• Sourou Migan Apithy1913–1989
• Huỳnh Tấn Phát1913–1989

Died in 1913 15

• Garnet Wolseley1833–1913
• Francisco I. Madero1873–1913
• Hoàng Hoa Thám1858–1913
• Manuel Bonilla1849–1913
• Rudolf Diesel1858–1913
• Song Jiaoren1882–1913
• Tôn Thất Thuyết1839–1913
• Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo1868–1913
• George I of Greece1845–1913
• Abraham Fischer1850–1913
• Émile Ollivier1825–1913
• Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman1864–1913
• Manuel Enrique Araujo1865–1913
• Nicolás de Piérola1839–1913
• Jassim bin Muhammad Al Thanic. 1825–1913

Works 2

• National Women's MonumentWork / monument
• Natives Land Act, 1913Work / monument

States founded 3

• Imamate of Oman 1913 CE – 1959 CE
• Provisional Government of Western Thrace 1913 CE – 1913 CE
• Republic of Central Albania 1913 CE – 1914 CE

States that came to an end 3

• Cretan State 1898 CE – 1913 CE
• Moro Province 1903 CE – 1913 CE
• Provisional Government of Western Thrace 1913 CE – 1913 CE

Great speeches