Country history · Asia

History of Kazakhstan

45 recorded states lay in what is now Kazakhstan, from Saka (700 BCE) to Kazakhstan. 8 of them have a full profile, and 12 outside powers ruled here.

ProfileState (capital or seat)15 without a known seat not shownOpen in the atlas →

Profiles

Empires that ruled here

Timeline

8th century BCE

  1. Saka700 BCE – 100 BCE · profile

7th century BCE

  1. Massagetae600 BCE – 100 BCE · nomadic confederation
  2. Sauromatae600 BCE – 300 BCE · nomadic confederation

3rd century BCE

  1. Aorsi200 BCE – 100 CE · nomadic confederation
  2. Kangju200 BCE – 450 CE · nomadic confederation

2nd century BCE

  1. Wusun161 BCE – 500 CE · nomadic confederation

2nd century

  1. Yueban160 CE – 490 CE · nomadic confederation

4th century

  1. Rouran Khaganate330 CE – 555 CE · profile

7th century

  1. Western Turkic Khaganate603 CE – 742 CE · khanate
  2. Second Turkic Khaganate682 CE – 744 CE · khanate
  3. Turgesh Khaganate699 CE – 766 CE · khanate

8th century

  1. Kimek Khanate743 CE – 1050 CE · nomadic confederation
  2. Oghuz Yabgu State750 CE – 1055 CE · nomadic confederation
  3. Karluk Yabgu756 CE – 840 CE · nomadic confederation

9th century

  1. Kara-Khanid Khanate840 CE – 1042 CE · profile

11th century

  1. Eastern Kara-Khanid Khanate1042 CE – 1211 CE · khanate
  2. Cumania1060 CE – 1241 CE · nomadic confederation

12th century

  1. Qara Khitai1124 CE – 1218 CE · khanate

13th century

  1. White Horde1226 CE – 1428 CE · khanate
  2. Ogedeid Khanate1229 CE – 1310 CE · khanate
  3. Golden Horde1242 CE – 1502 CE · profile
  4. Ulus of Shiban1242 CE – 1428 CE · khanate

14th century

  1. Moghulistan1347 CE – 1462 CE · khanate
  2. Four Oirat1399 CE – 1634 CE · nomadic confederation

15th century

  1. Uzbek Khanate1428 CE – 1471 CE · khanate
  2. Nogai Horde1440 CE – 1634 CE · nomadic confederation
  3. Kazakh Khanate1465 CE – 1847 CE · profile

16th century

  1. Khanate of Khiva1511 CE – 1920 CE · khanate
  2. Tsardom of Russia1547 CE – 1721 CE · profile
  3. Ural Cossack Host1591 CE – 1920 CE · other

17th century

  1. Kalmyk Khanate1630 CE – 1771 CE · khanate
  2. Dzungar Khanate1634 CE – 1758 CE · profile

18th century

  1. Khanate of Kokand1709 CE – 1876 CE · khanate
  2. Junior Juz1718 CE – 1824 CE · khanate
  3. Middle Juz1718 CE – 1822 CE · khanate
  4. Senior Juz1718 CE – 1848 CE · khanate
  5. Tashkent Hakimate1784 CE – 1808 CE · city state

19th century

  1. Bukey Horde1801 CE – 1845 CE · khanate
  2. Turkestan Governorate-General1867 CE – 1917 CE · colony

20th century

  1. Alash Autonomy1917 CE – 1920 CE · republic
  2. Turkestan ASSR1918 CE – 1924 CE · republic
  3. Kazakh ASSR1920 CE – 1936 CE · republic
  4. Soviet Union1922 CE – 1991 CE · profile
  5. Kazakh SSR1936 CE – 1991 CE · republic
  6. Kazakhstan1991 CE – present · republic

In the encyclopedia

Shared histories

States that also lay in other present-day countries:

States of Central Asia and the Steppe → States of Poland, Lithuania and Russia → All country histories →

Cite this page
APA
The Epoch Institute. (2026). History of Kazakhstan. In The Epoch Institute States Register. https://the-epoch-institute.org/countries/kazakhstan
MLA
“History of Kazakhstan.” The Epoch Institute States Register, The Epoch Institute, 2026, https://the-epoch-institute.org/countries/kazakhstan. Accessed .
Chicago
The Epoch Institute. “History of Kazakhstan.” The Epoch Institute States Register. 2026. https://the-epoch-institute.org/countries/kazakhstan.
Harvard
The Epoch Institute (2026) ‘History of Kazakhstan’, The Epoch Institute States Register. Available at: https://the-epoch-institute.org/countries/kazakhstan (Accessed: ).