Country history · Europe

History of Russia

160 recorded states lay in what is now Russia, from the Cimmerians (1000 BCE). 24 of them have a full profile, and 23 outside powers ruled here.

ProfileState (capital or seat)45 without a known seat not shownOpen in the atlas →

Profiles

Empires that ruled here

Timeline

11th century BCE

  1. Cimmerians1000 BCE – 630 BCE · nomadic confederation

8th century BCE

  1. Scythia700 BCE – 250 BCE · nomadic confederation

7th century BCE

  1. Sauromatae600 BCE – 300 BCE · nomadic confederation

5th century BCE

  1. Bosporan Kingdom438 BCE – 370 CE · profile

4th century BCE

  1. Sarmatians300 BCE – 375 CE · profile

3rd century BCE

  1. Aorsi200 BCE – 100 CE · nomadic confederation

2nd century BCE

  1. Caucasian Albania100 BCE – 510 CE · profile

1st century

  1. Alans50 CE – 800 CE · profile

4th century

  1. Hunnic Empire370 CE – 469 CE · nomadic confederation

5th century

  1. Akatziri430 CE – 470 CE · nomadic confederation
  2. Onogurs463 CE – 632 CE · tribal confederation
  3. Sabirs463 CE – 576 CE · nomadic confederation
  4. Kutrigurs480 CE – 570 CE · nomadic confederation
  5. Utigurs480 CE – 576 CE · nomadic confederation

6th century

  1. Sarir550 CE – 1150 CE · kingdom

7th century

  1. Ilmen Slavs600 CE – 882 CE · tribal confederation
  2. Krivichs600 CE – 882 CE · tribal confederation
  3. Radimichs600 CE – 984 CE · tribal confederation
  4. Severians600 CE – 884 CE · tribal confederation
  5. Vyatichi600 CE – 1100 CE · tribal confederation
  6. Old Great Bulgaria632 CE – 668 CE · khanate
  7. Balhae698 CE – 926 CE · profile

8th century

  1. Lakz700 CE – 1100 CE · principality
  2. Volga Bulgaria700 CE – 1236 CE · profile
  3. Kimek Khanate743 CE – 1050 CE · nomadic confederation
  4. Uyghur Khaganate744 CE – 840 CE · khanate

9th century

  1. Bartians800 CE – 1274 CE · tribal confederation
  2. Karelians800 CE – 1278 CE · tribal confederation
  3. Kingdom of Alania800 CE – 1239 CE · kingdom
  4. Nadruvians800 CE – 1277 CE · tribal confederation
  5. Natangians800 CE – 1274 CE · tribal confederation
  6. Sambians800 CE – 1255 CE · tribal confederation
  7. Scalovians800 CE – 1277 CE · tribal confederation
  8. Rus' Khaganate830 CE – 882 CE · khanate
  9. Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate840 CE – 924 CE · khanate
  10. Pechenegs860 CE – 1091 CE · nomadic confederation
  11. Shirvanshah State861 CE – 1538 CE · profile
  12. Emirate of Derbent869 CE – 1075 CE · emirate
  13. Kievan Rus'882 CE – 1240 CE · profile

10th century

  1. Liao dynasty916 CE – 1125 CE · profile
  2. Torks985 CE – 1065 CE · nomadic confederation
  3. Principality of Polotsk987 CE – 1392 CE · principality
  4. Principality of Tmutarakan988 CE – 1094 CE · principality

11th century

  1. Kingdom of Georgia1008 CE – 1490 CE · profile
  2. Principality of Chernigov1024 CE – 1239 CE · principality
  3. Cumania1060 CE – 1241 CE · nomadic confederation
  4. Principality of Novgorod-Seversky1097 CE – 1523 CE · principality

12th century

  1. Merkit confederation1100 CE – 1218 CE · tribal confederation
  2. Jin dynasty (1115-1234)1115 CE – 1234 CE · profile
  3. Principality of Rostov-Suzdal1125 CE – 1157 CE · principality
  4. Principality of Murom1127 CE – 1392 CE · principality
  5. Principality of Smolensk1127 CE – 1404 CE · principality
  6. Grand Principality of Ryazan1129 CE – 1521 CE · principality
  7. Novgorod Republic1136 CE – 1478 CE · profile
  8. Vladimir-Suzdal1157 CE – 1331 CE · profile
  9. Principality of Pereslavl-Zalessky1175 CE – 1302 CE · principality
  10. Vyatka Land1181 CE – 1489 CE · republic
  11. Principality of Pronsk1186 CE – 1483 CE · principality

13th century

  1. Avar Khanate1200 CE – 1864 CE · khanate
  2. Principality of Rostov1207 CE – 1474 CE · principality
  3. Principality of Yuryev-Polsky1212 CE – 1340 CE · principality
  4. Eastern Xia1215 CE – 1233 CE · kingdom
  5. Principality of Starodub1218 CE – 1460 CE · principality
  6. Principality of Uglich1218 CE – 1328 CE · principality
  7. Principality of Yaroslavl1218 CE – 1463 CE · principality
  8. State of the Teutonic Order1226 CE – 1525 CE · profile
  9. White Horde1226 CE – 1428 CE · khanate
  10. Principality of Kozelsk1235 CE – 1494 CE · principality
  11. Grand Duchy of Lithuania1236 CE – 1795 CE · profile
  12. Principality of Beloozero1238 CE – 1389 CE · principality
  13. Principality of Vyazma1239 CE – 1403 CE · principality
  14. Blue Horde1242 CE – 1379 CE · khanate
  15. Golden Horde1242 CE – 1502 CE · profile
  16. Ulus of Shiban1242 CE – 1428 CE · khanate
  17. Bishopric of Samland1243 CE – 1525 CE · prince bishopric
  18. Principality of Bryansk1246 CE – 1356 CE · principality
  19. Principality of Galich-Mersky1246 CE – 1363 CE · principality
  20. Principality of Kostroma1246 CE – 1276 CE · principality
  21. Principality of Novosil1246 CE – 1494 CE · principality
  22. Grand Principality of Tver1247 CE – 1485 CE · principality
  23. Grand Duchy of Moscow1263 CE – 1547 CE · profile

14th century

  1. Ainu chiefdoms1300 CE – 1869 CE · chiefdom
  2. Kazikumukh Shamkhalate1300 CE – 1642 CE · principality
  3. Simsir1300 CE – 1395 CE · principality
  4. Principality of Kashin1318 CE – 1426 CE · principality
  5. Grand Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal1341 CE – 1392 CE · principality
  6. Principality of Serpukhov1341 CE – 1456 CE · principality
  7. Pskov Republic1348 CE – 1510 CE · republic
  8. Principality of Mozhaysk1389 CE – 1454 CE · principality

15th century

  1. Circassia1400 CE – 1864 CE · profile
  2. Kaitag Utsmiyate1400 CE – 1820 CE · principality
  3. Tyumen Khanate1405 CE – 1495 CE · khanate
  4. Uzbek Khanate1428 CE – 1471 CE · khanate
  5. Principality of Vereya1432 CE – 1486 CE · principality
  6. Khanate of Kazan1438 CE – 1552 CE · khanate
  7. Nogai Horde1440 CE – 1634 CE · nomadic confederation
  8. Crimean Khanate1441 CE – 1783 CE · profile
  9. Principality of Kabarda1450 CE – 1825 CE · principality
  10. Great Perm1451 CE – 1505 CE · principality
  11. Qasim Khanate1452 CE – 1681 CE · khanate
  12. Astrakhan Khanate1466 CE – 1556 CE · khanate
  13. Great Horde1466 CE – 1502 CE · khanate
  14. Khanate of Sibir1468 CE – 1598 CE · khanate

16th century

  1. Abadzekhs1500 CE – 1864 CE · tribal confederation
  2. Natukhaj1500 CE – 1864 CE · tribal confederation
  3. Principality of Besleney1500 CE – 1864 CE · principality
  4. Principality of Bzhedugh1500 CE – 1864 CE · principality
  5. Principality of Hatuqwai1500 CE – 1864 CE · principality
  6. Principality of Temirgoy1500 CE – 1864 CE · principality
  7. Shapsugs1500 CE – 1864 CE · tribal confederation
  8. Tabasaran Maysumate1500 CE – 1813 CE · principality
  9. Ubykhia1500 CE – 1864 CE · tribal confederation
  10. Duchy of Prussia1525 CE – 1701 CE · duchy
  11. Tsardom of Russia1547 CE – 1721 CE · profile
  12. Lesser Nogai Horde1557 CE – 1637 CE · nomadic confederation
  13. Don Cossack Host1570 CE – 1918 CE · other
  14. Terek Cossack Host1577 CE – 1920 CE · other
  15. Ural Cossack Host1591 CE – 1920 CE · other

17th century

  1. Akusha-Dargo Union1600 CE – 1844 CE · tribal confederation
  2. Mekhtuli Khanate1600 CE – 1867 CE · khanate
  3. Swedish Ingria1617 CE – 1721 CE · other
  4. Kalmyk Khanate1630 CE – 1771 CE · khanate
  5. Kazikumukh Khanate1642 CE – 1860 CE · khanate
  6. Shamkhalate of Tarki1642 CE – 1867 CE · principality
  7. Sloboda Ukraine1652 CE – 1765 CE · other

18th century

  1. Kingdom of Prussia1701 CE – 1918 CE · profile
  2. Quba Khanate1726 CE – 1806 CE · khanate
  3. Derbent Khanate1747 CE – 1806 CE · khanate
  4. Black Sea Cossack Host1787 CE – 1860 CE · other

19th century

  1. Bukey Horde1801 CE – 1845 CE · khanate
  2. Kurin Khanate1812 CE – 1864 CE · khanate
  3. Caucasian Imamate1828 CE – 1859 CE · theocracy
  4. Kuban Cossack Host1860 CE – 1920 CE · other

20th century

  1. Karafuto Prefecture1905 CE – 1945 CE · colony
  2. Uryankhay Krai1914 CE – 1921 CE · protectorate
  3. Bashkurdistan1917 CE – 1919 CE · republic
  4. Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus1917 CE – 1920 CE · republic
  5. Russian Republic1917 CE – 1918 CE · republic
  6. Russian SFSR1917 CE – 1991 CE · profile
  7. Black Sea Soviet Republic1918 CE – 1918 CE · republic
  8. Don Republic1918 CE – 1920 CE · republic
  9. Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic1918 CE – 1918 CE · republic
  10. Free State of Prussia1918 CE – 1947 CE · republic
  11. Idel-Ural State1918 CE – 1918 CE · republic
  12. Kuban People's Republic1918 CE – 1920 CE · republic
  13. Kuban Soviet Republic1918 CE – 1918 CE · republic
  14. Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic1918 CE – 1918 CE · republic
  15. North Caucasian Soviet Republic1918 CE – 1918 CE · republic
  16. Russian State1918 CE – 1920 CE · other
  17. Stavropol Soviet Republic1918 CE – 1918 CE · republic
  18. Terek Soviet Republic1918 CE – 1918 CE · republic
  19. Weimar Republic1918 CE – 1933 CE · republic
  20. North Caucasian Emirate1919 CE – 1920 CE · emirate
  21. Republic of North Ingria1919 CE – 1920 CE · republic
  22. Republic of Uhtua1919 CE – 1920 CE · republic
  23. Tuvan People's Republic1921 CE – 1944 CE · republic
  24. Soviet Union1922 CE – 1991 CE · profile
  25. Nazi Germany1933 CE – 1945 CE · profile
  26. Finnish Democratic Republic1939 CE – 1940 CE · republic
  27. Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic1940 CE – 1956 CE · other

In the encyclopedia

Shared histories

States that also lay in other present-day countries:

States of Poland, Lithuania and Russia → States of Caucasus → All country histories →

Cite this page
APA
The Epoch Institute. (2026). History of Russia. In The Epoch Institute States Register. https://the-epoch-institute.org/countries/russia
MLA
“History of Russia.” The Epoch Institute States Register, The Epoch Institute, 2026, https://the-epoch-institute.org/countries/russia. Accessed .
Chicago
The Epoch Institute. “History of Russia.” The Epoch Institute States Register. 2026. https://the-epoch-institute.org/countries/russia.
Harvard
The Epoch Institute (2026) ‘History of Russia’, The Epoch Institute States Register. Available at: https://the-epoch-institute.org/countries/russia (Accessed: ).