The 4th century BCE

Great powers

Profiles of the 4th century BCE, ranked by their military, territorial, economic and historical weight in the Institute’s analysis and by how strong they were in these hundred years.

• Punic Empire814 BCE – 146 BCEScore 5.6/10
• Roman Republic509 BCE – 27 BCEScore 7.8/10
• State of Chu1030 BCE – 223 BCEScore 5.5/10 · at its peak c. 333 BCE
• State of Qin897 BCE – 221 BCEScore 6.1/10
• Achaemenid Empire559 BCE – 330 BCEScore 8.0/10
• State of Qi1046 BCE – 221 BCEScore 5.5/10
• Saka700 BCE – 100 BCEScore 3.8/10
• Athens900 BCE – 86 BCEScore 6.4/10
• Bosporan Kingdom438 BCE – 370 CEScore 4.0/10 · at its peak c. 349 BCE
• Byzantium667 BCE – 73 CEScore 3.8/10 · at its peak c. 340 BCE
• Ephesus1000 BCE – 133 BCEScore 4.0/10
• Kingdom of Saba800 BCE – 275 CEScore 4.6/10

Key events

• Battle of LeuctraBattle · 371 BCE
• Battle of GaugamelaBattle · 331 BCE
• Peace of AntalcidasTreaty · Peace · 387–386 BCE
• Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE)Battle · 338 BCE
• Battle of IpsusBattle · 301 BCE
• Battle of IssusBattle · 333 BCE
• Corinthian WarWar · 395–387 BCE
• Latin WarWar · 340–338 BCE
• Social War (357–355 BCE)War · Revolt · 357–355 BCE
• Battle of the GranicusBattle · 334 BCE
• Battle of the Crocus FieldBattle · 352 BCE
• Battle of Coronea (394 BC)Battle · 394 BCE

All 37 battles, wars and treaties of the 4th century BCE →

People

• Alexander the GreatPerson · r. 336–323 BCE
• Philip II of MacedonPerson · r. 359–336 BCE
• Ptolemy I SoterPerson · c. 367–282 BCE
• MenciusPerson · c. 372–289 BCE
• Chandragupta MauryaPerson · founded empire 321 BCE
• Dionysius I of SyracusePerson · c. 432–367 BCE
• Demetrius I of MacedonPerson · 337–283 BCE
• Agesilaus IIPerson · c. 444–360 BCE
• DemosthenesPerson · 384–322 BCE
• EpaminondasPerson · c. 418–362 BCE
• PerdiccasPerson · d. 321 BCE
• ZhuangziPerson · c. 369–286 BCE

Works and ideas

• Sangam literatureWork / monument · c. 300 BCE–300 CE
• Appian WayWork / monument · 312 BCE
• OeconomicaWork / monument · 4th–3rd century BCE
• Prokhorovka cultureReligion / idea · 4th–2nd century BCE
• Thracian Tomb of KazanlakWork / monument · c. 300 BCE
• François TombWork / monument · 4th century BCE
• Lady of BazaWork / monument · 4th century BCE
• Lady of ElcheWork / monument · c. 4th century BCE

States founded 133

• Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 398 BCE – 380 BCE
• Lilybaeum 397 BCE – 241 BCE
• Hecatomnid Caria 395 BCE – 334 BCE
• Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 380 BCE – 343 BCE
• Second Athenian League 378 BCE – 338 BCE
• Aetolian League 370 BCE – 189 BCE
• Arcadian League 370 BCE – 362 BCE
• Messene 369 BCE – 146 BCE
• Megalopolis 368 BCE – 146 BCE
• Duchy of Eastern Zhou 367 BCE – 249 BCE
• Tauromenium 358 BCE – 212 BCE
• Bruttii 356 BCE – 203 BCE
• Dardanian Kingdom 350 BCE – 28 BCE
• Kingdom of Taxila 350 BCE – 317 BCE
• Paurava kingdom 350 BCE – 317 BCE
• Nanda Empire 345 BCE – 322 BCE
• Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 343 BCE – 332 BCE
• League of Corinth 337 BCE – 322 BCE
• Macedonian Empire 336 BCE – 323 BCE
• Kingdom of Cappadocia 331 BCE – 17 CE
• Lesser Armenia 331 BCE – 72 CE
• Kingdom of Athamania 330 BCE – 189 BCE
• Malava republic 330 BCE – 350 CE
• Media Atropatene 323 BCE – 226 CE
• Ptolemaic Empire 323 BCE – 30 BCE
• Maurya Empire 322 BCE – 185 BCE
• Xiongnu Empire 318 BCE – 36 BCE
• Delos 314 BCE – 167 BCE
• Nesiotic League 314 BCE – 167 BCE
• Seleucid Empire 312 BCE – 63 BCE
• Antigonid Kingdom of Macedonia 306 BCE – 168 BCE
• Kingdom of Lysimachus 306 BCE – 281 BCE
• Antipatrid Kingdom of Macedonia 305 BCE – 294 BCE
• Kingdom of Iberia 302 BCE – 580 CE
• Abrincatui 300 BCE – 56 BCE
• Aedui 300 BCE – 51 BCE
• Airenosi 300 BCE – 195 BCE
• Albici 300 BCE – 49 BCE
• Allobroges 300 BCE – 121 BCE
• Ambarri 300 BCE – 51 BCE

States that came to an end 83

• Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 404 BCE – 398 BCE
• Motya 800 BCE – 397 BCE
• Veii 900 BCE – 396 BCE
• Kaulonia 675 BCE – 389 BCE
• Tusculum 600 BCE – 381 BCE
• Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 398 BCE – 380 BCE
• Halicarnassus 900 BCE – 377 BCE
• State of Jin 1033 BCE – 376 BCE
• State of Zheng 806 BCE – 375 BCE
• Peloponnesian League 550 BCE – 366 BCE
• Arcadian League 370 BCE – 362 BCE
• Lycian dynasts 540 BCE – 360 BCE
• Amphipolis 437 BCE – 357 BCE
• Potidaea 600 BCE – 356 BCE
• Theodosia 600 BCE – 355 BCE
• Methone (Pieria) 733 BCE – 354 BCE
• Tyranny of Pherae 406 BCE – 352 BCE
• Abdera 654 BCE – 350 BCE
• Assaka 700 BCE – 350 BCE
• Chedi 700 BCE – 350 BCE
• Felsina 600 BCE – 350 BCE
• Kuru Kingdom 1200 BCE – 350 BCE
• Matsya 700 BCE – 350 BCE
• Panchala 1100 BCE – 350 BCE
• Surasena 700 BCE – 350 BCE
• Chalcidian League 432 BCE – 348 BCE
• Olynthus 479 BCE – 348 BCE
• Phocian League 600 BCE – 346 BCE
• Kingdom of Magadha 600 BCE – 345 BCE
• Kingdom of Tamassos 1000 BCE – 343 BCE
• Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 380 BCE – 343 BCE
• Latin League 650 BCE – 338 BCE
• Praeneste 650 BCE – 338 BCE
• Second Athenian League 378 BCE – 338 BCE
• Tibur 650 BCE – 338 BCE
• Kingdom of Macedon 808 BCE – 336 BCE
• Hecatomnid Caria 395 BCE – 334 BCE
• Sidicini 600 BCE – 334 BCE
• Byblos 2600 BCE – 332 BCE
• Gaza 1175 BCE – 332 BCE

Year by year 5

The years of the 4th century BCE with a page of their own: their events, births and deaths, and the states founded and ended.

• 338 BCE
• 334 BCE
• 331 BCE
• 323 BCE
• 322 BCE