Country history · Europe

History of Italy

268 recorded states lay in what is now Italy, from Alba Longa (1150 BCE) to the Italian Republic. 15 of them have a full profile, and 19 outside powers ruled here.

ProfileState (capital or seat)20 without a known seat not shownOpen in the atlas →

Profiles

Empires that ruled here

Timeline

12th century BCE

  1. Alba Longa1150 BCE – 650 BCE · city state

11th century BCE

  1. Ancient Veneti1000 BCE – 49 BCE · tribal confederation
  2. Ligures1000 BCE – 14 BCE · tribal confederation

10th century BCE

  1. Caere900 BCE – 273 BCE · city state
  2. Clusium900 BCE – 295 BCE · city state
  3. Tarquinii900 BCE – 281 BCE · city state
  4. Veii900 BCE – 396 BCE · city state
  5. Volsinii900 BCE – 264 BCE · city state
  6. Vulci900 BCE – 280 BCE · city state

9th century BCE

  1. Vetulonia850 BCE – 280 BCE · city state
  2. Arretium800 BCE – 294 BCE · city state
  3. Cortona800 BCE – 310 BCE · city state
  4. Daunians800 BCE – 318 BCE · tribal confederation
  5. Falerii800 BCE – 241 BCE · city state
  6. Messapians800 BCE – 266 BCE · tribal confederation
  7. Motya800 BCE – 397 BCE · city state
  8. Perusia800 BCE – 295 BCE · city state
  9. Peucetians800 BCE – 300 BCE · tribal confederation
  10. Picentes800 BCE – 268 BCE · tribal confederation
  11. Populonia800 BCE – 280 BCE · city state
  12. Rusellae800 BCE – 294 BCE · city state
  13. Sabines800 BCE – 290 BCE · tribal confederation
  14. Volaterrae800 BCE – 260 BCE · city state

8th century BCE

  1. Roman Kingdom753 BCE – 509 BCE · kingdom
  2. Cumae740 BCE – 421 BCE · city state
  3. Naxos (Sicily)734 BCE – 403 BCE · city state
  4. Panormus734 BCE – 254 BCE · city state
  5. Syracuse734 BCE – 212 BCE · city state
  6. Zancle730 BCE – 288 BCE · city state
  7. Catana729 BCE – 263 BCE · city state
  8. Leontini729 BCE – 422 BCE · city state
  9. Megara Hyblaea728 BCE – 483 BCE · city state
  10. Rhegion720 BCE – 270 BCE · city state
  11. Sybaris720 BCE – 510 BCE · city state
  12. Croton710 BCE – 277 BCE · city state
  13. Taras706 BCE – 272 BCE · city state
  14. Aurunci700 BCE – 314 BCE · tribal confederation
  15. Fidenae700 BCE – 426 BCE · city state
  16. Segesta700 BCE – 241 BCE · city state
  17. Umbrians700 BCE – 266 BCE · tribal confederation

7th century BCE

  1. Gela688 BCE – 282 BCE · city state
  2. Locri Epizephyrii680 BCE – 205 BCE · city state
  3. Siris680 BCE – 530 BCE · city state
  4. Kaulonia675 BCE – 389 BCE · city state
  5. Hipponion650 BCE – 192 BCE · city state
  6. Latin League650 BCE – 338 BCE · tribal confederation
  7. Praeneste650 BCE – 338 BCE · city state
  8. Tibur650 BCE – 338 BCE · city state
  9. Himera648 BCE – 409 BCE · city state
  10. Metapontum630 BCE – 272 BCE · city state
  11. Selinous628 BCE – 409 BCE · city state
  12. Aequi600 BCE – 304 BCE · tribal confederation
  13. Capua600 BCE – 211 BCE · city state
  14. Etruscan League600 BCE – 264 BCE · other
  15. Felsina600 BCE – 350 BCE · city state
  16. Frentani600 BCE – 304 BCE · tribal confederation
  17. Hernici600 BCE – 306 BCE · tribal confederation
  18. Hirpini600 BCE – 89 BCE · tribal confederation
  19. Insubres600 BCE – 194 BCE · tribal confederation
  20. Marrucini600 BCE – 304 BCE · tribal confederation
  21. Marsi600 BCE – 304 BCE · tribal confederation
  22. Nuceria Alfaterna600 BCE – 308 BCE · city state
  23. Paeligni600 BCE – 304 BCE · tribal confederation
  24. Poseidonia600 BCE – 410 BCE · city state
  25. Samnite League600 BCE – 290 BCE · tribal confederation
  26. Sidicini600 BCE – 334 BCE · tribal confederation
  27. Tusculum600 BCE – 381 BCE · city state
  28. Vestini600 BCE – 302 BCE · tribal confederation
  29. Volsci600 BCE – 304 BCE · tribal confederation

6th century BCE

  1. Kamarina598 BCE – 258 BCE · city state
  2. Acragas580 BCE – 210 BCE · city state
  3. Lipara580 BCE – 252 BCE · city state
  4. Elea540 BCE – 273 BCE · city state
  5. Roman Republic509 BCE – 27 BCE · profile
  6. Salassi500 BCE – 25 BCE · tribal confederation
  7. Taurini500 BCE – 218 BCE · tribal confederation

5th century BCE

  1. Neapolis470 BCE – 326 BCE · city state
  2. Sicel League460 BCE – 440 BCE · tribal confederation
  3. Thurii444 BCE – 282 BCE · city state
  4. Heraclea Lucania433 BCE – 278 BCE · city state
  5. Italiote League430 BCE – 272 BCE · other
  6. Lucanians420 BCE – 272 BCE · tribal confederation
  7. Boii400 BCE – 191 BCE · tribal confederation
  8. Cenomani400 BCE – 89 BCE · tribal confederation
  9. Senones400 BCE – 283 BCE · tribal confederation

4th century BCE

  1. Lilybaeum397 BCE – 241 BCE · city state
  2. Tauromenium358 BCE – 212 BCE · city state
  3. Bruttii356 BCE – 203 BCE · tribal confederation

3rd century BCE

  1. Mamertine Messana288 BCE – 241 BCE · city state

1st century BCE

  1. Italia (Social War confederation)91 BCE – 88 BCE · other
  2. Kingdom of Cottius58 BCE – 63 CE · kingdom

5th century

  1. Vandal Kingdom435 CE – 534 CE · kingdom
  2. Kingdom of Odoacer476 CE – 493 CE · kingdom
  3. Ostrogothic Kingdom493 CE – 553 CE · kingdom

6th century

  1. Duchy of Friuli568 CE – 776 CE · duchy
  2. Kingdom of the Lombards568 CE – 774 CE · kingdom
  3. Duchy of Trent569 CE – 774 CE · duchy
  4. Duchy of Spoleto570 CE – 1198 CE · duchy
  5. Duchy of Benevento571 CE – 1077 CE · duchy
  6. Duchy of Tuscia576 CE – 797 CE · duchy
  7. Exarchate of Ravenna584 CE – 751 CE · other
  8. Duchy of Rome590 CE – 754 CE · duchy

7th century

  1. Duchy of Naples661 CE – 1137 CE · duchy
  2. Theme of Sicily690 CE – 965 CE · other
  3. Republic of Venice697 CE – 1797 CE · profile

8th century

  1. Papal States754 CE – 1870 CE · profile
  2. March of Friuli776 CE – 952 CE · margraviate
  3. Carolingian Kingdom of Italy781 CE – 888 CE · kingdom

9th century

  1. Aghlabid emirate800 CE – 909 CE · emirate
  2. Emirate of Sicily831 CE – 1091 CE · emirate
  3. Duchy of Gaeta839 CE – 1140 CE · duchy
  4. Duchy of Sorrento839 CE – 1137 CE · duchy
  5. Republic of Amalfi839 CE – 1131 CE · republic
  6. Principality of Capua841 CE – 1135 CE · principality
  7. Middle Francia843 CE – 855 CE · kingdom
  8. March of Tuscany846 CE – 1197 CE · margraviate
  9. Emirate of Bari847 CE – 871 CE · emirate
  10. Principality of Salerno849 CE – 1077 CE · principality
  11. Kingdom of Italy (medieval)888 CE – 1801 CE · kingdom
  12. March of Ivrea888 CE – 1015 CE · margraviate
  13. Theme of Longobardia891 CE – 965 CE · other

10th century

  1. March of Turin941 CE – 1091 CE · margraviate
  2. March of Verona952 CE – 1164 CE · margraviate
  3. Catepanate of Italy965 CE – 1071 CE · other
  4. March of Montferrat967 CE – 1574 CE · margraviate
  5. Duchy of Carinthia976 CE – 1918 CE · duchy
  6. County of Tusculum999 CE – 1179 CE · county

11th century

  1. Judicate of Arborea1000 CE – 1420 CE · kingdom
  2. Judicate of Cagliari1000 CE – 1258 CE · kingdom
  3. Judicate of Gallura1000 CE – 1288 CE · kingdom
  4. Judicate of Logudoro1000 CE – 1259 CE · kingdom
  5. Republic of Ancona1000 CE – 1532 CE · republic
  6. County of Savoy1003 CE – 1416 CE · county
  7. Prince-Bishopric of Brixen1027 CE – 1803 CE · prince bishopric
  8. Prince-Bishopric of Trent1027 CE – 1803 CE · prince bishopric
  9. County of Aversa1030 CE – 1058 CE · county
  10. Duchy of Apulia and Calabria1043 CE – 1127 CE · duchy
  11. County of Sicily1071 CE – 1130 CE · county
  12. Patriarchate of Aquileia1077 CE – 1420 CE · prince bishopric
  13. Republic of Pisa1085 CE – 1406 CE · republic
  14. Principality of Taranto1088 CE – 1463 CE · principality
  15. County of Gorizia1090 CE – 1918 CE · county
  16. Commune of Asti1095 CE – 1342 CE · city state
  17. Commune of Viterbo1095 CE – 1396 CE · city state
  18. Commune of Milan1097 CE – 1259 CE · city state
  19. Commune of Arezzo1098 CE – 1384 CE · city state
  20. Commune of Bergamo1098 CE – 1332 CE · city state
  21. Commune of Cremona1098 CE – 1334 CE · city state
  22. Republic of Genoa1099 CE – 1797 CE · profile

12th century

  1. Commune of Brescia1100 CE – 1337 CE · city state
  2. Commune of Pavia1100 CE – 1359 CE · city state
  3. Commune of Ferrara1101 CE – 1264 CE · city state
  4. Commune of Pistoia1105 CE – 1401 CE · city state
  5. Commune of Como1109 CE – 1335 CE · city state
  6. Commune of Mantua1115 CE – 1272 CE · city state
  7. Republic of Florence1115 CE – 1532 CE · profile
  8. Commune of Novara1116 CE – 1332 CE · city state
  9. Republic of Bologna1116 CE – 1506 CE · city state
  10. Principality of Bari1119 CE – 1132 CE · principality
  11. Commune of Vercelli1120 CE – 1335 CE · city state
  12. Republic of Siena1125 CE – 1555 CE · republic
  13. Commune of Piacenza1126 CE – 1336 CE · city state
  14. Kingdom of Sicily1130 CE – 1816 CE · profile
  15. Commune of Modena1135 CE – 1288 CE · city state
  16. Commune of Reggio1136 CE – 1409 CE · city state
  17. Commune of Verona1136 CE – 1262 CE · city state
  18. Commune of Padua1138 CE – 1318 CE · city state
  19. Commune of Perugia1139 CE – 1540 CE · city state
  20. Commune of Prato1140 CE – 1351 CE · city state
  21. County of Tyrol1140 CE – 1918 CE · county
  22. Marquisate of Saluzzo1142 CE – 1548 CE · margraviate
  23. Commune of Rome1144 CE – 1193 CE · republic
  24. Commune of Vicenza1147 CE – 1311 CE · city state
  25. Commune of Parma1149 CE – 1346 CE · city state
  26. Commune of Orvieto1157 CE – 1354 CE · city state
  27. Commune of Lodi1158 CE – 1335 CE · city state
  28. Republic of Lucca1160 CE – 1805 CE · republic
  29. Crown of Aragon1162 CE – 1716 CE · profile
  30. Marquisate of Finale1162 CE – 1602 CE · margraviate
  31. Commune of Treviso1164 CE – 1339 CE · city state
  32. Veronese League1164 CE – 1167 CE · other
  33. Lombard League1167 CE – 1250 CE · other
  34. Commune of Alessandria1168 CE – 1348 CE · city state
  35. Republic of Noli1192 CE – 1797 CE · republic
  36. Commune of Volterra1193 CE – 1472 CE · city state
  37. Commune of San Gimignano1199 CE – 1353 CE · city state

13th century

  1. Duchy of Urbino1213 CE – 1631 CE · duchy
  2. Lordship of Milan1259 CE – 1395 CE · other
  3. Duchy of Camerino1262 CE – 1545 CE · duchy
  4. Lordship of Verona1262 CE – 1387 CE · other
  5. Duchy of Ferrara1264 CE – 1598 CE · duchy
  6. Republic of Sassari1272 CE – 1323 CE · city state
  7. Lordship of Ravenna1275 CE – 1441 CE · other
  8. Kingdom of Naples1282 CE – 1816 CE · profile
  9. Lordship of Pesaro1285 CE – 1512 CE · other
  10. Lordship of Piedmont1294 CE – 1418 CE · principality
  11. Lordship of Rimini1295 CE – 1500 CE · other

14th century

  1. Duchy of Mirandola1311 CE – 1710 CE · duchy
  2. Lordship of Faenza1313 CE – 1501 CE · other
  3. Lordship of Forli1315 CE – 1480 CE · other
  4. Lordship of Padua1318 CE – 1405 CE · other
  5. Lordship of Carpi1319 CE – 1527 CE · other
  6. Kingdom of Sardinia1324 CE – 1861 CE · profile
  7. Lordship of Cortona1325 CE – 1411 CE · other
  8. Duchy of Mantua1328 CE – 1708 CE · duchy
  9. County of Novellara1371 CE – 1737 CE · county
  10. Inner Austria1379 CE – 1619 CE · duchy
  11. Duchy of Milan1395 CE – 1797 CE · profile
  12. Principality of Piombino1399 CE – 1805 CE · principality

15th century

  1. Duchy of Guastalla1406 CE – 1748 CE · duchy
  2. Duchy of Savoy1416 CE – 1847 CE · profile
  3. Republic of Cospaia1440 CE – 1826 CE · republic
  4. Golden Ambrosian Republic1447 CE – 1450 CE · republic
  5. Duchy of Modena and Reggio1452 CE – 1859 CE · duchy
  6. Principality of Correggio1452 CE – 1635 CE · principality
  7. Three Leagues1471 CE – 1799 CE · republic
  8. Duchy of Massa and Carrara1473 CE – 1829 CE · duchy
  9. Lordship of Imola and Forli1473 CE – 1500 CE · other

16th century

  1. Duchy of Romagna1501 CE – 1503 CE · duchy
  2. Duchy of Florence1532 CE – 1569 CE · duchy
  3. Duchy of Castro1537 CE – 1649 CE · duchy
  4. Duchy of Parma and Piacenza1545 CE – 1859 CE · profile
  5. Republic of Siena at Montalcino1555 CE – 1559 CE · republic
  6. State of the Presidi1557 CE – 1801 CE · colony
  7. Grand Duchy of Tuscany1569 CE – 1859 CE · profile
  8. Duchy of Montferrat1574 CE – 1708 CE · duchy
  9. Duchy of Sabbioneta1577 CE – 1708 CE · duchy
  10. Principality of Castiglione1579 CE – 1773 CE · principality
  11. Principality of Masserano1598 CE – 1767 CE · principality

17th century

  1. Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)1647 CE – 1648 CE · republic

18th century

  1. Bolognese Republic1796 CE – 1796 CE · republic
  2. Cispadane Republic1796 CE – 1797 CE · republic
  3. Republic of Alba1796 CE – 1796 CE · republic
  4. Transpadane Republic1796 CE – 1797 CE · republic
  5. Anconine Republic1797 CE – 1798 CE · republic
  6. Cisalpine Republic1797 CE – 1802 CE · republic
  7. Ligurian Republic1797 CE – 1805 CE · republic
  8. Republic of Bergamo1797 CE – 1797 CE · republic
  9. Republic of Brescia1797 CE – 1797 CE · republic
  10. Republic of Crema1797 CE – 1797 CE · republic
  11. Piedmontese Republic1798 CE – 1799 CE · republic
  12. Roman Republic (1798–1799)1798 CE – 1799 CE · republic
  13. Tiberina Republic1798 CE – 1798 CE · republic
  14. Parthenopean Republic1799 CE – 1799 CE · republic

19th century

  1. Subalpine Republic1800 CE – 1802 CE · republic
  2. Kingdom of Etruria1801 CE – 1807 CE · kingdom
  3. Italian Republic (1802–1805)1802 CE – 1805 CE · republic
  4. Austrian Empire1804 CE – 1867 CE · profile
  5. Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)1805 CE – 1814 CE · kingdom
  6. Principality of Lucca and Piombino1805 CE – 1815 CE · principality
  7. Kingdom of Naples (1806–1815)1806 CE – 1815 CE · kingdom
  8. Principality of Benevento (1806–1815)1806 CE – 1815 CE · principality
  9. Principality of Pontecorvo1806 CE – 1815 CE · principality
  10. Illyrian Provinces1809 CE – 1816 CE · colony
  11. Republic of Genoa (1814)1814 CE – 1815 CE · republic
  12. Duchy of Lucca1815 CE – 1847 CE · duchy
  13. Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia1815 CE – 1866 CE · kingdom
  14. Kingdom of Illyria1816 CE – 1849 CE · kingdom
  15. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies1816 CE – 1861 CE · kingdom
  16. Provisional Government of Milan1848 CE – 1848 CE · other
  17. Republic of San Marco1848 CE – 1849 CE · republic
  18. Sicilian Kingdom of 18481848 CE – 1849 CE · kingdom
  19. Roman Republic (1849)1849 CE – 1849 CE · republic
  20. United Provinces of Central Italy1859 CE – 1860 CE · other
  21. Kingdom of Italy1861 CE – 1946 CE · profile

20th century

  1. Italian Social Republic1943 CE – 1945 CE · republic
  2. Republic of Ossola1944 CE – 1944 CE · republic
  3. Italian Republic1946 CE – present · republic

In the encyclopedia

Shared histories

States that also lay in other present-day countries:

States of Italy → States of Germany and Central Europe → All country histories →

Cite this page
APA
The Epoch Institute. (2026). History of Italy. In The Epoch Institute States Register. https://the-epoch-institute.org/countries/italy
MLA
“History of Italy.” The Epoch Institute States Register, The Epoch Institute, 2026, https://the-epoch-institute.org/countries/italy. Accessed .
Chicago
The Epoch Institute. “History of Italy.” The Epoch Institute States Register. 2026. https://the-epoch-institute.org/countries/italy.
Harvard
The Epoch Institute (2026) ‘History of Italy’, The Epoch Institute States Register. Available at: https://the-epoch-institute.org/countries/italy (Accessed: ).